世界儿童权利公约 World Convention on the Rights of the Child[中英文]

        儿童权利公约在1989年11月20日第44届联合国大会第25号决议通过，是第一部有关保障儿童权利且具有法律约束力的国际性约定，1990年9月2日生效。截至2015年10月，缔约国为196个。该公约旨为世界各国儿童创建良好的成长环境。

        The Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. It is the first international binding Convention on the protection of children’s rights, it entered into force 2 September 1990. As of October 2015, the number of States parties was 196. The Convention aims to create a good environment for children from all over the world.

        —历史沿革(Historical Evolution)—

        1.1923年，《儿童权利宪章》被救助儿童国际联盟所认可。

        In 1923, the Charter Of Children’s Rights was recognized by the International Union For The Rescue Of Children.

        2.1924年，第一份《儿童权利宣言》（《日内瓦宣言》）诞生。

        In 1924, the first Declaration Of the Rights of The Child (the Geneva Declaration) was born.

        3.1948年，联合国大会通过《世界人权宣言》。

        In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of human rights.

        4.1959年，联合国大会通过《儿童权利宣言》，明确了各国儿童应当享有的各项基本权利，这是第二份《儿童权利宣言》。但一些儿童工作者指出，宣言不具有法律约束力，不能起到更大的作用。

        5.1978年，联大决定制定一份具有法律效力的《儿童权利公约》并成立了起草工作组。 1979年，《儿童权利公约》起草工作开始。联合国将这一年定为国际儿童年。

        In 1978, the General Assembly decided to work out a legally binding Convention on the Rights of the Child and set up a drafting group. In 1979, the drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child began. The United Nations has set this year as the International Year of children.

        6.1989年，历时十年，《儿童权利公约》的起草工作终于完成。11月20日在第44届联合国大会上《儿童权利公约》获得一致通过。

        In 1989, after ten years, the draft of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was finally completed. The Convention on the rights of the child was adopted unanimously at the forty-fourth United Nations General Assembly in November 20th.

        7.1990年，1月26日《儿童权利公约》向所有国家开放供签署，当天就有61个国家签署了该公约。《儿童权利公约》在获得20个国家批准加入之后，于9月2日正式生效。

        On January 26, 1990, the Convention on the Rights of the Child was opened for signature by all States, and 61 States signed it on that day. The Convention on the rights of the child came into effect in September 2nd after 20 countries approved the entry.

        8.1990年9月，在《儿童权利公约》刚刚生效之后，世界儿童问题首脑会议在纽约联合国总部召开，这是历史上第一次专门讨论儿童问题的首脑会议。会议通过了《儿童生存、保护和发展世界宣言》和《执行九十年代儿童生存、保护和发展世界宣言行动计划》。《宣言》和《行动计划》是国际社会对保护儿童权利所做的政治承诺和具体方案。 

        In September 1990, after the entry into force of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the World Summit for children was held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, it’s the first summit in history to discuss the issue of children. The Conference adopted the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children and the Plan of Action for the Implementation of the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the 1990’s. The declaration and the plan of action are the political commitments and concrete plans of the international community for the protection of children’s rights.

        9.1990年8月29日，中国常驻联合国大使代表中华人民共和国政府签署了《儿童权利公约》，中国成为第105个签约国。

        On August 29, 1990, on behalf of the Government of the People’s Republic of China, the Permanent Ambassador of China to the United Nations signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and China became the 105th signatory.

        10.1991年12月29日，第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第23次会议决定批准中国加入《儿童权利公约》，同时声明：中华人民共和国将在符合其宪法第二十五条关于计划生育的规定的前提下，并根据《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》第二条的规定，履行《儿童权利公约》第六条所规定的义务。

        On December 29, 1991, the twenty-third meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People’s Congress decided to ratification China’s accession to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and declared that People’s Republic of China would be in accordance with the provisions of its twenty-fifth article on family planning, and under the law of the People’s Republic of China for the protection of minors. The provisions of the second article carry out the obligations stipulated in the sixth article of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

        11.1992年3月2日，中国常驻联合国大使向联合国递交了中国的批准书，从而使中国成为该公约的第110个批准国。该公约于1992年4月2日对中国生效。

        On March 2, 1992, the Permanent Ambassador of China to the United Nations submitted China’s instrument of ratification to the United Nations, thus making China the 110th ratifier of the Convention. The Convention entered into force for China in April 2, 1992.

        12.2000年5月，联合国大会在《儿童权利公约》框架基础上通过了《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》和《关于贩卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情的任择议定书》，以推动国际社会努力保护儿童、消除日益猖獗的残害儿童犯罪活动。截至2009年7月，这两份议定书分别获得了128个和132个国家的批准。

        In May 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict and the Optional Protocol on the trafficking of children, child prostitution and child pornography on the basis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in order to promote the efforts of the international community to protect children and eliminate the increasingly rampant crime of children. Activity. As of July 2009, the two protocols were approved by 128 and 132 countries respectively.

        13.截止到1999年，全世界已有192个国家批准加入《儿童权利公约》，全世界96%的儿童生活在缔约国中，世界上尚未加入该公约的国家只有美国和索马里。《儿童权利公约》是联合国历史上加入国家最多的国际公约。时下《公约》已获得193个国家的批准，是世界上最广为接受的公约之一。

        By the year 1999, 192 countries all over the world had ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child. 96% of the world’s children lived in the Contracting States. The only countries in the world that had not yet joined the Convention were the United States and Somalia. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the largest international convention in the history of the United Nations. The Convention has been ratified by 193 countries and is one of the most widely accepted conventions in the world.

        14.2015年10月2日，联合国秘书长潘基文、联合国儿童基金会等两日分别发表声明，欢迎索马里批准《儿童权利公约》，成为公约第196个缔约国。美国成为世界上唯一一个没有签署该公约的国家。据统计，美国仍有超过五万名童工。

        In October 2, 2015, the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and the United Nations Children’s Fund issued a statement two days, welcoming the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by Somalia and becoming the 196th State Party of the Convention. The United States has become the only country in the world that has not signed the Convention. According to statistics, there are still more than fifty thousand child workers in the United States.

       

       —签订背景(Signings Background )—

        联合国成立以来，儿童的幸福和权利始终是它关心的一个主要问题。联合国最初采取的行动之一就是于1946年12月11日设立了联合国儿童基金会。1948年，联合国大会通过的《世界人权宣言》承认儿童必须受到特殊的照顾和协助。以后，联合国在一般性的国际条约如国际人权公约和专门针对儿童权利的文件，即1959年11月20日的《儿童权利宣言》中都始终强调保护儿童的权利。鉴于《儿童权利宣言》不具有条约法的效力，而给儿童权利以条约法的保障已日益成为必要，尤其是在筹备“国际儿童年”的过程中，这种必要愈加明显。在1978年联合国人权委员会会议上，波兰的亚当·洛帕萨教授（后为公约起草工作组主席）倡议起草儿童权利公约。

        Since the founding of the United Nations, the well-being and rights of children have always been a major concern. On December 11, 1946, one of the initial actions taken by the United Nations was the establishment of the United Nations Children’s Fund. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly recognized that children must be given special care and assistance. In the future, the United Nations has always stressed the protection of the rights of children in general international treaties, such as international human rights conventions and special documents on the rights of children, namely the Declaration on the Rights of the Child on November 20, 1959. In view of the fact that the Declaration on the Rights of the Child does not have the effect of the treaty law, the protection of the rights of children with the treaty law has become increasingly necessary, especially in the process of preparing the “International Year of children”. At the 1978 session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Professor Adam Lopasa of Poland (later Chairman of the Working Group on the Drafting of the Convention) initiated the drafting of a convention on the rights of the child.

       —起草过程(Drafting process)—

        波兰向联合国大会提交了一份关于儿童权利的公约草案。1979年，联合国人权委员会开始起草儿童权利公约的工作。同年，波兰向人权委员会提交了儿童权利公约草案的修正文本。人权委员会授权一个不固定的工作小组继续就该文本进行工作。1984年，联合国大会要求人权委员会尽一切努力完成公约草案并于1985年提交大会通过。1988年，联合国大会再次要求人权委员会对公约草案工作给予优先考虑，力求于1989年，即为纪念《儿童权利宣言》发表30周年和“国际儿童年”设立10周年之时完成公约全文的拟定工作。1979～1989年的10年间，人权委员会详尽研究了公约草案，并于1989年如期完成了公约的拟定工作，并经由经济及社会理事会提交联合国大会。1989年11月20日，联合国大会通过了本公约。

        Poland submitted a draft Convention on the rights of the child to the United Nations General Assembly. In 1979, the United Nations Commission on human rights began to draft the Convention on the rights of the child. In the same year, the Poland submitted a revised version of the draft Convention on the rights of the child to the Commission on human rights. The Commission on human rights authorized an unfixed working group to continue its work on the text. In 1984, the UN General Assembly requested the Commission on human rights to make every effort to complete the draft Convention and submit it to the general assembly in 1985. In 1988, the United Nations General Assembly once again asked the Commission on human rights to give priority to the work of the draft convention in order to achieve the completion of the full text of the Convention in 1989, in commemoration of the publication of the Declaration on the Rights of the Child 30th anniversary and the establishment of the international year of international children. In the 10 years of 1979~1989, the Commission on human rights studied the draft convention in detail and completed the work of the Convention on schedule in 1989 and submitted to the United Nations General Assembly through the economic and Social Council. On November 20, 1989, the United Nations General Assembly adopted this Convention.

 

       —主要内容(Main Content)—

        公约共54条。公约将“儿童”界定为“18岁以下的任何人”。公约强调，各国应确保其管辖范围内的每一儿童均享受公约所载的权利，不因儿童或其父母或法定监护人的种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、伤残、出生或其他身份等而有任何差别。

        There are 54 articles of the Convention. The Convention defines children as “anyone under the age of 18”. The Convention stresses that each country should ensure that every child within its jurisdiction enjoys the rights contained in the Convention, and that it does not differ from the race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, nationality or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status of children or their parents or legal guardians.

        儿童权利公约的前41条主要强调，每一位18岁以下的儿童们的人权必须被重视和保护，而且这些权利必须依据公约的指导原则去实践。

        The first 41 articles of the Convention on the rights of the child emphasize that the human rights of every child under the age of 18 must be valued and protected, and these rights must be carried out in accordance with the guiding principles of the Convention.

 

        儿童权利公约的42-45条，含括政府的义务，如推广公约的原则、公约的实行、透过政府监督进展儿童权利的过程，使大众都能了解、以及公告政府各机关之职责。

        The 42-45 article of the Convention on the rights of the child, including the obligations of the government, such as the principles of the promotion of the Convention, the implementation of the Convention, and the process of supervising the progress of the rights of children through the supervision of the government, will enable the public to understand and announce the responsibilities of the government organs.

        最后的46-54条主要含括了经由政府签署及批准之过程和指定联合国秘书长为该公约的保管人。

        The final articles 46-54 mainly cover the process of signature and ratification by the Government and the designation of the Secretary-General of the United Nations as the custodian of the Convention.

 

        公约做了如下规定：

        The Convention has made the following provisions:

        1.每个儿童有固有的生命权，各国应最大限度地确保儿童的生存与发展（第6条）。

        every child has the inherent right to life, and every country should ensure the survival and development of children to the maximum extent (sixth articles).

        2.每个儿童都有自出生起即获得姓名和国籍的权利（第7条）。

        every child has the right to get his name and nationality from birth (seventh articles).

        3.尊重儿童维护其身份包括法律所承认的国籍、姓名及家庭关系而不受非法干扰的权利（第8条）。

3. Respect for the right of the child to defend his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations recognized by law, without unlawful interference (Article 8).

        4.法庭、福利机构或行政当局在处理儿童问题时，应将儿童的最大利益作为首要考虑事项（第9条）。

        In dealing with children’s issues, courts, welfare institutions or administrative authorities should give priority to the best interests of the child (art.

        5.各国应为便利家庭团聚准许入境或出境（第10条）。

        countries should allow entry or exit to facilitate family reunification (tenth).

        6.各国应采取措施制止非法将儿童移转国外和不使返回本国的行为（第11条）。

        all countries should take measures to stop the illegal transfer of children to foreign countries and not to return to their country (eleventh articles).

        7.确保有主见能力的儿童有权对影响到其本人的一切事项自由发表自己的意见，对儿童的意见应按照其年龄和成熟程度给予适当的看待（第12条）。

         to ensure that children with subjective ability have the right to express their views freely on all matters affecting themselves, and that the views of the children should be treated properly in accordance with their age and maturity (twelfth).

        8.儿童享有自由发表言论的权利；思想、信仰和宗教自由的权利；结社自由及和平集会自由的权利（第13～15条）。

        Children enjoy the right to free speech; the right to freedom of thought, belief and religion; the right to freedom of association and the freedom of peaceful assembly (thirteenth to 15).

        9.儿童的隐私家庭、住宅或通信不受任意或非法干涉（第16条）。

        children’s privacy, family, housing or correspondence are not subject to arbitrary or illegal interference (Sixteenth articles).

        10.父母对儿童成长负有首要责任，但各国应向他们提供适当协助和发展育儿所（第18条）。

        Parents have the primary responsibility for the growth of children, but States should provide them with appropriate assistance and development of nurseries (article 18).

        11.各国应保护儿童免受身心摧残、伤害或凌辱，忽视、虐待或剥削，包括性侵犯（第19条）。

        States shall protect children from physical and mental abuse, injury or abuse, neglect, abuse or exploitation, including sexual abuse (art.

        12.各国应为失去父母的儿童提供适当的其他照管；确保得到跨国收养的儿童享有与本国收养相当的保障和标准（第20、21条）。

        all countries should provide appropriate other care for children who have lost their parents; to ensure that children who have been adopted are guaranteed and standard (twentieth, twenty-first) equal to their adoption.

        13.确保申请难民身份的儿童或按照适用的国际法或国内法及程序可视为难民的儿童，不论有无父母或其他任何人陪同，均可得到适当的保护和人道主义援助（第22条）。

        To ensure that children who apply for refugee status or children who are regarded as refugees in accordance with applicable international law or domestic law and procedures are eligible for protection and humanitarian assistance (twenty-second), whether or not they are accompanied by or without a parent.

        14.残疾儿童应享有得到特殊待遇、教育和照管的权利（第23条）。

        disabled children should enjoy the right to receive special treatment, education and care (twenty-third articles).

        15.儿童有权享有可达到的最高标准的健康；每个儿童均有权享有足以促进其生理、心理、精神、道德和社会发展的生活水平；儿童有受教育的权利；学校执行纪律的方式应符合儿童的人格尊严；教育应本着谅解、和平和宽容的精神培育儿童（第24、27～29条）。

        Children have the right to the highest standard of health; each child has the right to a standard of living enough to promote its physical, psychological, spiritual, moral and social development; the right to education for children; the way in which the school is disciplined should be in accordance with the dignity of the child; education should be in the light of understanding, peace and tolerance. Mental cultivation of children (twenty-fourth, twenty-seventh to 29).

        16.宗教、语言等方面属于少数人或原为土著居民的儿童有享有自己的文化、信奉自己的宗教，或使用自己语言的权利（第30条）。

        Children of religious, language and other aspects belonging to the minority or original indigenous people have the right to enjoy their own culture, to believe in their own religion, or to use their own language (thirtieth).

        17.儿童应有时间休息和游戏，有同等的机会参加文化和艺术活动（第31条）。

        children should have time to rest and play, and have equal opportunities to participate in cultural and artistic activities (thirty-first articles).

        18.各国应保护儿童免受经济剥削和从事任何可能妨碍或影响儿童教育或有害儿童健康或身体、心理、精神、道德或社会发展的工作（第32条）。

       all countries should protect children from economic exploitation and engage in any work that may impede or affect children’s education or harmful to the health of children or physical, psychological, moral, moral or social development (thirty-second).

        19.各国应保护儿童不致非法使用毒品和涉及毒品生产或贩运（第33条）。

        countries should protect children from illicit drug use and drug production or trafficking (thirty-third articles).

        20.应采取一切适当措施，防止诱拐、买卖或贩运儿童。（第35条）。

        all appropriate measures should be taken to prevent abduction, trafficking or trafficking in children. (thirty-fifth).

        21.对未满18岁人所犯罪行，不应判处死刑或无期徒刑；被监禁的儿童应与成年犯隔开；不得对儿童施以酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚；15岁以下儿童不得参与任何敌对行动；遭受武装冲突之害的儿童应受到特别保护；受到虐待、忽视或监禁的儿童应得到适当的医疗或康复和复原疗养；处理触犯刑法儿童的方式应在于促进他的尊严和价值感，目的是使他们重返社会（第37～40条）。

        Crimes committed against persons under 18 years of age shall not be sentenced to death or life imprisonment; children imprisoned shall be separated from adult offenders; they shall not be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment for children; children under 15 years of age shall not participate in any hostile action; children suffering from armed conflict shall be special Protection; children who are abused, neglected or imprisoned should receive appropriate medical treatment or rehabilitation and rehabilitation; the way to deal with criminal criminal children should be to promote his dignity and sense of value, with the aim of returning them to society (thirty-seventh to 40).

        按照公约的规定，在它生效后6个月成立儿童权利委员会，以审查缔约国在履行根据公约所承担的义务方面取得的进展。缔约国应定期向委员会提交关于它们为实现公约确认的权利所采取的措施以及关于这些权利的享有方面的进展情况的报告。

        In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the Committee for the rights of the child was established 6 months after its entry into force to examine the progress made by the State Party in fulfilling its obligations under the Convention. States parties should regularly submit to the committee a report on the measures they have taken to achieve the rights recognized by the Convention, as well as on the progress in the enjoyment of these rights.

 

—–公约正文—–

        序言(Preamble)

        本公约缔约国，

        The States Parties to the present Convention,

        考虑到按照《联合国宪章》所宣布的原则，对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础，

        Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

        铭记联合国人民在《宪章》中重申对基本人权和——人格尊严与价值的信念，并决心促成更广泛自由中的社会进步及更高的生活水平，

        Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith infundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

        认识到联合国在《世界人权宣言》和关于人权的两项国际公约中宣布和同意：人人有资格享受这些文书中所载的一切权利和自由，不因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等而有任何区别，

        Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

        回顾联合国儿童权利公约在《世界人权宣言》中宣布：儿童有权享受特别照料和协助，

        Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,

        深信家庭作为社会的基本单元，作为家庭的所有成员、特别是儿童的成长和幸福的自然环境，应获得必要的保护和协助，以充分负起它在社会上的责任，

        Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,

        确认为了充分而和谐地发展其个性，应让儿童在家庭环境里，在幸福、亲爱和谅解的气氛中成长，

        Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

        考虑到应充分培养儿童可在社会上独立生活，并在《联合国宪章》宣布的理想的精神下，特别是在和平、尊严、宽容、自由、平等和团结的精神下，抚养他们成长。 

        Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,

        铭记给予儿童特殊照料的需要已在1924年《日内瓦儿童权利宣言》和在大会1959年11月20日通过的《儿童权利宣言》中予以申明，并在《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》（特别是第23和24条）、《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》（特别是第10条）以及关心儿童福利的各专门结构和国际组织的章程及有关文书中得到确认。

        Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959 and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in particular in article 10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children,

        铭记如《儿童权利宣言》所示，“儿童因身心尚未成熟，在其出生以前和以后均需要特殊的保护和照料，包括法律上的适当保护”。

        Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, “the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth”,

        回顾《关于儿童保护和儿童福利、特别是国内和国际寄养和收养办法的社会和法律原则宣言》、《联合国少年司法最低限度标准规则》（北京规则）以及《在非常状态和武装冲突中保护妇女和儿童宣言》。

        Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) ; and the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict,

        确认世界各国都有生活在极端困难下的儿童，对这些儿童需要给予特别的照顾。

        Recognizing that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally difficult conditions, and that such children need special consideration,

        适当考虑到每一民族的传统及文化价值对儿童的保护及和谐发展的重要性。

         Taking due account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for the protection and harmonious development of the child,

        确认国际合作对于改善每一国家、特别是发展中国家儿童的生活条件的重要性。

        Recognizing the importance of international cooperation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries,

        兹协议如下(Have agreed as follows)：

 

        第一部分(PART I)

        第一条(Article 1)

        为本公约之目的，儿童系指18岁以下的任何人，除非对其适用之法律规定成年年龄少于18岁。

        For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.

        第二条(Article 2)

        1、缔约国应遵守本公约所载列的权利，并确保其管辖范围内的每一儿童均享受此种权利，不因儿童或其父母或法定监护人的种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、伤残、出生或其他身份而有任何差别。

         1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child’s or his or her parent’s or legal guardian’s race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.

        2、缔约国应采取一切适当措施确保儿童得到保护，不受基于儿童父母、法定监护人或家庭成员的身份、活动、所表达的观点或信仰而加诸的一切形式的歧视或惩罚。

        2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child’s parents, legal guardians, or family members.

        第三条(Article 3)

        1、关于儿童的一切行为，不论是由公私社会福利机构、法院、行政当局或立法机构执行，均应以儿童的最大利益为一种首要考虑。

         1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

        2、缔约国承担确保儿童享有其幸福所必需的保护和照料，考虑到其父母、法定监护人、或任何对其负有法律责任的个人的权利和义务，并为此采取一切适当的立法和行政措施。

         2. States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible for him or her, and, to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures.

        3、缔约国应确保负责照料或保护儿童的结构、服务部门及设施符合主管当局规定的标准，尤其是安全、卫生、工作人员数目和资格以及有效监督方面的标准。

         3. States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff, as well as competent supervision.

        第四条(Article 4)

        缔约国应采取一切适当的立法、行政和其他以实现本公约所确认的权利。关于经济、社会及文化权利，缔约国应根据其现有资源所允许的最大限度并视需要在国际合作范围内采取此类措施。

         States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international co-operation.

        第五条(Article 5)

        缔约国应尊重父母或于适用时尊重当地习俗认定的大家庭或社会成员、法定监护人或其他对儿童负有法律责任的人以下的责任、权利义务，以符合儿童不同阶段上、接受能力的方式适当指导和引导儿童行使本公约所确认的权利。

         States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving
capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention.

        第六条(Article 6)

        1、缔约国确认每个儿童均有固有的生命权。

         1. States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life.

        2、缔约国应最大限度地确保儿童的存活与发展。

         2. States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and development of the child.

        第七条(Article 7)

        1、儿童出生后应立即登记，并有自出生起获得姓名的权利，有获得国籍的权利，以及尽可能知道谁是其父母并受其父母照料的权利。

         1. The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and. as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents.

        2、缔约国应确保这些权利按照本国法律及其根据有关国际文书在这一领域承担的义务予以实施，尤应注意不如此儿童即无国籍之情形。

         2. States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.

        第八条(Article 8)

        1、缔约国承担尊重儿童维护其身份包括法律所承认的国籍、姓名及家庭关系而不受非法干扰的权利。

         1. States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations as recognized by law without unlawful interference.

        2、如有儿童被非法剥夺其身份方面的部分或全部要素，缔约国应提供适当协助和保护，以便迅速重新确立其身份。

         2. Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his or her identity, States Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view to re-establishing speedily his or her identity.

        第九条(Article 9)

        1、缔约国应确保不违背儿童父母的意愿使儿童和父母分离，除非主管当局按照适用的法律和程序，经法院的审查，判定这样的分离符合儿童的最大利益而确有必要。在诸如由于父母的虐待或忽视、或父母分居而必须确定儿童居住地点的特殊情况下，这种裁决可能有必要。

         1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child’s place of residence.

        2、凡按本条第1款进行诉讼，均应给予所有有关方面以参加诉讼并阐明自己意见的机会。

         2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known.

        3、缔约国应尊重与父母一方或双方分离的儿童同父母经常保持个人关系及直接联系的权利，但违反儿童最大利益者除外。

         3. States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child’s best interests.

        4、如果这种分离是因缔约国对父母一方或双方或对儿童所采取的任何行动，诸如拘留、监禁、流放、驱逐或死亡（包括该人在该国拘禁中因任何原因而死亡所致，该缔约国应按请求将该等家庭成员下落的基本情况告知父母、儿童或适当时告知另一家庭成员，除非提供这类情况会有损儿童的福祉，缔约国还应确保有关人员不致因提出这种请求而承受不利后果。

         4. Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall, upon request, provide the parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s) of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the well-being of the child. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the person(s) concerned.

        第十条(Article 10)

        1、按照第九条第一款所规定的缔约国的义务，对于儿童或其父母要求进入或离开一缔约国以便与家人团聚的申请，缔约国应以积极的人道主义态度迅速予以办理。缔约国还应确保申请人及其家庭成员不致因提出这类请求而承受不利后果。

         1. In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States Parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family.

        2、方面居住在不同国家的儿童，除特殊情况以外，应有权同父母双方经常保持个人关系和直接关系。为此目的，并按照第9条第1款所规定的缔约国的义务，缔约国应尊重儿童及其父母离开包括其本国在内的任何国家和进入其本国的权利。离开任何国家的权利只应受法律所规定并为保护国家安全、公共秩序、公共卫生或道德、或他人的权利和自由所必需且与本公约所承认的其他权利不相抵触的限制约束。

         2. A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumstances personal relations and direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own, and to enter their own country. The right to leave any country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Convention.

        第十一条(Article 11)

        1、缔约国应采取措施制止非法将儿童转移国外和不使返回本国的行为。

         1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad.

        2、为此目的，缔约国应致力缔结双边或多边协定或加入现有协定。

         2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conclusion of bilateral or multilateral agreements or accession to existing agreements.

        第十二条(Article 12)

        1、缔约国应确保有主见能力的儿童有权对影响到其本人的一切事项自由发表自己的意见，对儿童的意见应按照其年龄和成熟程度给以适当的看待。

         1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.

        2、为此目的，儿童特别应有机会在影响到儿童的任何司法和行政诉讼中，以符合国家法律的诉讼规则的方式，直接或通过代表或适当机构陈述意见。

         2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.

        第十三条(Article 13)

        1、儿童应有自由发表言论的权利；此项权利应包括通过口头、书面或印刷、艺术形成或儿童所选择的任何其他媒介，寻求、接受和传递各种信心和思想的自由，而不论国界。

         1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek,  receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice.

        2、此项权利的行使可受某些限制约束，但这些限制仅限于法律所规定并为以下目的所必需：

         2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:

        （A）尊重他人的权利和名誉；
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or

        （B）保护国家安全或公共秩序或公共卫生或道德。

         (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

        第十四条(Article 14)

        1、缔约国应遵守儿童享有思想、信仰和宗教自由的权利。

         1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

        2、缔约国应尊重方面并于适用时尊重法定监护人以下的权利和义务，以符合儿童不同阶段接受能力的方式指导儿童行使其权利。

         2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child.

        3、表明个人宗教或信仰的自由，仅受法律所规定并为保护公共安全、秩序、卫生或道德或他人之基本权利和自由所必需的这类限制约束。

         3. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

        第十五条(Article 15)

        1、缔约国确认儿童享有结社自由及和平集会自由的权利。

         1. States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly.

        2、对此项权利的行使不得加以限制，除非符合法律所规定并在民主社会中为国家安全、公共秩序、保护公共卫生或道德或保护他人的权利和自由所必需。

         2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

        第十六条(Article 16)

        1、儿童的隐私、家庭、住宅或通信不受任意或非法干涉，其荣誉和名誉不受非法攻击。

         1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honor and reputation.

        2、儿童有权享受法律保护，以免受这类干涉或攻击。

         2. The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

        第十七条(Article 17)

        缔约国确认大众传播媒介的重要作用，并应确保儿童能够从多种的国家和国际来源获得信息和资料，尤其是旨在促进其社会、精神和道德福祉和身心健康的信息和资料。为此目的，缔约国应：

         States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health.To this end, States Parties shall:

        （A）鼓励大众传播媒介本着第29条约精神散播在社会和文化方面有益于儿童的信息和资料；

         (a) Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;

        （B）鼓励在编制、交流和散播来自不同文化、国家和国际来源的这类信息和资料方面进行国际合作；

         (b) Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international sources;

        （C）鼓励儿童读物的著作和普及；

         (c) Encourage the production and dissemination of children’s books;

        （D）鼓励大众传播媒介特别注意属于少数群体或土著居民的儿童在语言方面的需要；

         (d) Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;

        （E）鼓励根据第13条和第18条的规定制定适当的准则，保护儿童不受可能损害其福祉的信息和资料之害。

         (e) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being, bearing in mind the provisions of articles 13 and 18.

        第十八条(Article 18)

        1、缔约国应尽其最大努力，确保父母双方对儿童的养育和发展负有共同责任的原则得到确认。父母、或视具体情况而定的法定监护人对儿童的养育和发展负有首要责任。儿童的最大利益将是他们主要关心的事。

         1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, as the case may be, legal guardians, have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child will be their basic concern.

        2、为保证和促进本公约所列举的权利，缔约国应在父母和法定监护人履行其抚养儿童的责任方面给予适当协助，并应确保发展育儿机构、设施和服务。

         2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.

        3、缔约国应采取一切适当措施确保就业父母的子女有权享受他们有资格得到的托儿服务和设施。

         3. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which they are eligible.

        第十九条(Article 19)

        1、缔约国应采取一切适当的立法、行政、社会和教育措施，保护儿童在受父母、法定监护人或其他任何负责照管儿童的人的照料时，不致受到任何形式的身心摧残、伤害或凌辱，忽视或照料不周，虐待或剥削，包括性侵犯。

         1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.

        2、这类保护性措施应酌情包括采取有效程序以建立社会方案，向儿童和负责照管儿童的人提供必要的支助，采取其他预防形式，查明、报告、查询、调查、处理和追究前述的虐待儿童事件，以及在适当时进行司法干预。

         2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.

        第二十条(Article 20)

        1、暂时或永久脱离家庭环境的儿童，或为其最大利益不得在这种环境中继续生活的儿童，应有权得到国家的特别保护和协助。

         1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

        2、缔约国应按照本国法律确保此类儿童得到其他方式的照顾。

         2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

        3、这种照顾除其他外，包括寄养、伊斯兰法的“卡法拉”(监护)、收养或者必要时安置在适当的育儿机构中。在考虑解决办法时，应适当注意有必要使儿童的培养教育具有连续性和注意儿童的族裔、宗教；文化和语言背景。

         3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in suitable institutions for the care of children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid to the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background.

        第二十一条(Article 21)

        凡承认和(或)许可收养制度的国家应确保以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑并应：

         States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall:

        （A）确保只有经主管当局按照适用的法律和程序并根据所有有关可靠的资料，判定鉴于儿童有关父母、亲属和法定监护人方面的情况可允许收养，并且判定必要时有关人士已根据可能必要的辅导对收养表示知情的同意，方可批准儿童的收养；

         (a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child’s status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary;

        （B）确认如果儿童不能安置于寄养或收养家庭，或不能以任何适当方式在儿童原籍国加以照料，跨国收养可视为照料儿童的一个替代办法；

         (b) Recognize that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative means of child’s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child’s country of origin;

        （C）确保得到跨国收养的儿童享有与本国收养相当的保障和标准；

         (c) Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption;

        （D）采取一切适当措施确保跨国收养的安排不致使所涉人士获得不正当的财务收益；

         (d) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it;

        （E）在适当时通过缔结双边或多边安排或协定促成本条的目标，并在这一范围内努力确保由主管当局或机构负责安排儿童在另一国收养的事宜。

         (e) Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements, and endeavor, within this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is carried out by competent authorities or organs.

        第二十二条(Article 22)

        1、缔约国应采取适当措施，确保申请难民身份的儿童或按照适用的国际法或国内法及程序可视为难民的儿童，不论有无父母或其他任何人的陪同，均可得到适当的保护和人道主义援助，以享有本公约和该有关国家为其缔约国的其他国际人权和或人道主义文书所规定的可适用权利。

         1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties.

        2、为此目的，缔约国应对联合国和与联合国合作的其他主管的政府间组织或非政府组织所作的任何努力提供其认为适当的合作，以保护和援助这类儿童，并为只身的难民儿童追寻其父母或其他家庭成员，以获得必要的消息使其家庭团聚。在寻不着父母或其他家庭成员的情况下，也应使该儿童获得与其他任何由于任何原因而永久或暂时脱离家庭环境的儿童按照本公约的规定所得到的同样的保护。

         2. For this purpose, States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate, co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations or nongovernmental organizations co-operating with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily deprived of his or her family environment for any reason , as set forth in the present Convention.

        第二十三条(Article 23)

        1、缔约国确认身心有残疾的儿童应能在确保其尊严、促进其自立、有利于其积极参与社会生活的条件下享有充实而适当的生活。

         1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community.

        2、缔约国确认残疾儿童有接受特别照顾的权利，应鼓励并确保在现有资源范围内，依据申请斟酌儿童的情况和儿童的父母或其他照料人的情况，对合格儿童及负责照料该儿童的人提供援助。

         2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child’s condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child.

        3、鉴于残疾儿童的特殊需要，考虑到儿童的父母或其他照料人的经济情况，在可能时应免费提供按照本条第2款给予的援助，这些援助的目的应是确保残疾儿童能有效地获得和接受教育、培训、保健服务、康复服务，就业准备和娱乐机会，其方式应有助于该儿童尽可能充分地参与社会，实现个人发展，包括其文化和精神方面的发展。

         3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child, and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child’s achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development

        4、缔约国应本着国际合作精神，在预防保健以及残疾儿童的医疗、心理治疗和功能治疗领域促进交换适当资料，包括散播和获得有关康复教育方法和职业服务方面的资料，以其使缔约国能够在这些领域提高其能力和技术并扩大其经验。在这方面，应特别考虑到发展中国家的需要。

         4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

        第二十四条(Article 24)

        1、缔约国确认儿童有权享有可达到的最高标准的健康，并享有医疗和康复设施；缔约国应努力确保没有任何儿童被剥夺获得这种保健服务的权利。

         1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.

        2、缔约国应致力充分实现这一权利，特别是应采取适当措施:

         2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures:

         （A）降低婴幼儿死亡率；

         (a) To diminish infant and child mortality;

         （B）确保向所有儿童提供必要的医疗援助和保健，侧重发展初级保健；

         (b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;

         （C）消除疾病和营养不良现象，包括在初级保健范围内利用现有可得的技术和提供充足的营养食品和清洁饮水，要考虑到环境污染的危险和风险；
(c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

         （D）确保母亲得到适当的产前和产后保健；

         (d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

         （E）确保向社会各阶层、特别是向父母和儿童介绍有关儿童保健和营养、母乳育婴优点、个人卫生和环境卫生及防止意外事故的基本知识，使他们得到这方面的教育并帮助他们应用这种基本知识；

         (e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

         （F）开展预防保健、对父母的指导以及计划生育教育和服务。

         (f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services.

        3、缔约国应致力采取一切有效和适当的措施，以期废除对儿童健康有害的传统习俗。

         3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.

        4、缔约国承担促进和鼓励国际合作，以期逐步充分实现本条所确认的权利。在这方面，应特别考虑到发展中国家的需要。

         4. States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

        第二十五条(Article 25)

        缔约国确认在有关当局为照料、保护或治疗儿童身心健康的目的下受到安置的儿童，有权获得对给予的治疗以及与所受安置有关的所有其他情况进行定期审查。       

         States Parties recognize the right of a child who has been placed by the competent authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement.

        第二十六条(Article 26)

        1、缔约国应确认每个儿童有权受益于社会保障、包括社会保险，并应根据其国内法律采取必要措施充分实现这一权利。

         1. States Parties shall recognize for every child the right to benefit from social security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.

        2、提供福利时应酌情考虑儿童及负有赡养儿童义务的人的经济情况和环境，以及与儿童提出或代其提出的福利申请有关的其他方面因素。

         2. The benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child.

        第二十七条(Article 27)

        1、缔约国确认每个儿童均有权享有足以促进其生理、心理、精神、道德和社会发展的生活水平。

         1. States Parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.

        2、父母或其他负责照顾儿童的人负有在其能力和经济条件许可范围内确保儿童发展所需生活条件的首要责任。

         2. The parent(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living necessary for the child’s development.

        3、缔约国按照本国条件并其能力范围内，应采取适当措施帮助父母或其他负责照顾儿童的人实现此项权利，并在需要时提供物质援助和支助方案，特别是在营养、衣着和住房方面。

         3. States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

        4、缔约国应采取一切适当措施，向在本国境内或境外儿童的父母或其他对儿童负有经济责任的人追索儿童的赡养费。尤其是遇对儿童负有经济责任的人住在与儿童不同的国家的情况时，缔约国应促进加入国际协定或缔结此类协定以及作出其他适当安排。

         4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons having financial responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In particular, where the person having financial responsibility for the child lives in a State different from that of the child, States Parties shall promote the accession to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as the making of other appropriate arrangements.

        第二十八条(Article 28)

        1、缔约国确认儿童有受教育的权利，为在机会均等的基础上逐步实现此项权利，缔约国尤应：

         1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular:

        （A）实现全面的免费义务小学教育；

         (a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;

        （B）鼓励发展不同形式的中学教育、包括普通和职业教育，使所有儿童均能享有和接受这种教育，并采取适当措施，诸如实行免费教育和对有需要的人提供津贴；

         (b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need;

        （C）根据能力以一切适当方式使所有人均有受高等教育的机会；

         (c) Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means;

        （D）使所有儿童均能得到教育和职业方面的资料和指导；

         (d) Make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children;

        （E）采取措施鼓励学生按时出勤和降低辍学率。

         (e) Take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates.

        2、缔约国应采取一切适当措施，确保学校执行纪律的方式符合儿童的人格尊严及本公约的规定。

         2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child’s human dignity and in conformity with the present Convention.

        3、缔约国应促进和鼓励有关教育事项方面的国际合作，特别着眼于在全世界消灭愚昧与文盲，并便利获得科技知识和现代教学方法。在这方面，应特别考虑到发展中国家的需要。

         3. States Parties shall promote and encourage international cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries.

        第二十九条(Article 29)

        1、缔约国一致认为教育儿童的目的应是：

1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to:

        （A）最充分地发展儿童的个性、才智和身心能力；

        (a) The development of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential;

        （B）培养对人权和基本自由以及《联合国宪章》所载各项原则的尊重；

        (b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;

        （C）培养对儿童的父母、儿童自身的文化认同、语言和价值观、儿童所居住国家的民族价值观、其原籍国以及不同于其本国的文明的尊重；

        (c) The development of respect for the child’s parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own;

        （D）培养儿童本着各国人民、族裔、民族和宗教群体以及原为土著居民的人之间谅解、和平、宽容、男女平等和友好的精神，在自由社会里过有责任感的生活；

        (d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin;

        （E）培养对自然环境的尊重。

        (e) The development of respect for the natural environment.

        2、对本条或第28条任何部分的解释均不得干涉个人和团体建立和指导教育机构的自由，但须始终遵守本条第一款载列的原则，并遵守在这类机构中实行的教育应符合国家可能规定的最低限度标准的要求。

        2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principle set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article and to the requirements that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State.

        第三十条(Article 30)

        在那些存在有族裔、宗教成语言方面属于少数人或原为土著居民的人的国家，不得剥夺属于这种少数人或原为土著居民的儿童与其群体的其他成员共同享有自己的文化、信奉自己的宗教并举行宗教仪式、或使用自己的语言的权利。

        In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practice his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.

        第三十一条(Article 31)

        l、缔约国确认儿童有权享有休息和闲暇，从事与儿童年龄相宜的游戏和娱乐活动，以及自由参加文化生活和艺术活动。

        1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.

        2、缔约国应尊重并促进儿童充分参加文化和艺术生活的权利，并应鼓励提供从事文化、艺术、娱乐和休闲活动的适当和均等的机会。 

        2. States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.

        第三十二条(Article 32)

        1、缔约国确认儿童有权受到保护，以免受经济剥削和从事任何可能妨碍或影响儿童教育或有害儿童健康或身体、心理、精神、道德或社会发展的工作。

        1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.

        2、缔约国应采取立法、行政、社会和教育措施确保本条得到执行。为此目的，并鉴于其他国际文书的有关规定，缔约国尤应：

        2. States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in particular:

        （A）规定受雇的最低年龄；

        (a) Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admission to employment;

        （B）规定有关工作时间和条件的适当规则；

        (b) Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;

        （C）规定适当的惩罚或其他制裁措施以确保本条得到有效执行。

        (c) Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

        第三十三条(Article 33)

        缔约国应采取一切适当措施，包括立法、行政、社会和教育措施，保护儿童不至非法使用有关国际条约中界定的麻醉药品和精神药物，并防止利用儿童从事非法生产和贩运此类药物。

        States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislative, administrative, social and educational measures, to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties, and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such substances.

        第三十四条(Article 34)

        缔约国承担保护儿童免遭一切形式的色情剥削和性侵犯之害，为此目的，缔约国尤应采取一切适当的国家，双边和多边措施，以防止：

        States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent:

        （A）引诱或强迫儿童从事任何非法的性生活；

        (a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;

        （B）利用儿童卖淫或从事其他非法的性行为；

        (b) The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;

        （C）利用儿童进行淫秽表演和充当淫秽题材。

        (c) The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.

        第三十五条(Article 35)

        缔约国应采取一切适当的国家、双边和多边措施，以防止为任何目的或以任何形式诱拐、买卖或贩运儿童。

        States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form.

        第三十六条(Article 36)

        缔约国应保护儿童免遭有损儿童福利的任行方面的一切其他形式的剥削之害。

        States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child’s welfare.

        第三十七条(Article37)

        缔约国应确保：

        States Parties shall ensure that:

        （A）任何儿童不受酷刑或其他形式的残忍、不人道成有辱人格的待遇或处罚。对未满18岁的人所犯罪行不得判以死刑或无释放可能的无期徒刑；

        (a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;

        （B）不得非法或任意剥夺任何儿童的自由。对儿童的逮捕、拘留或监禁应符合法律规定并仅应作为最后手段，期限应为最短的适当时间；

        (b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;

        （C）所有被剥夺自由的儿童应受到人道待遇，其人格固有尊严应受尊重，并应考虑到他们这个年龄的人的需要的方式加以对待。特别是，所有被剥夺自由的儿童应同成人隔开，除非认为反之最有利于儿童，并有权通过信件和探访同家人保持联系，但特殊情况除外；

        (c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child’s best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

        （D）所有被剥夺自由的儿童均有权迅速获得法律及其他适当援助，并有权向法院或其他独立公正的主管当局就其被剥夺自由一事之合法性提出异议，并有权迅速就任何此类行动得到裁定。
(d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority, and to a prompt decision on any such action.

        第三十八条(Article 38)

        1、缔约国承担尊重并确保尊重在武装冲突中对其适用的国际人道主义法律中有关儿童的规则。

        1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are relevant to the child.

        2、缔约国应采取一切可行措施确保未满15岁的人不直接参加敌对行动。

        2. States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities.

        3、缔约国应避免招募任何未满15岁的人加入武装部队。在招募已满15岁但未满18岁的人时，缔约国应致力首先考虑年龄最大者。

        3. States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of fifteen years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of fifteen years but who have not attained the age of eighteen years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest.

        4、缔约国按照国际人道主义法律规定它们在武装冲突中保护平民人口的义务，应采取一切可行措施确保保护和照料受武装冲突影响的儿童。

        4. In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected by an armed conflict.

        第三十九条(Article 39)

        缔约国应采取一切适当措施，促使遭受下述情况之害的儿童身心得以康复并重返社会；任何形式的忽视、剥削或凌辱虐待；酷刑或任何其他形式的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚；或武装冲突。此种康复和重返社会应在一种能促进儿童的健康、自尊和尊严的环境中进行。

        States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of: any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child.

        第四十条(Article 40)

        1、缔约国确认被指称、指控或认为触犯刑法的儿童有权得到符合以下情况方式的待遇，促进其尊严和价值感并增强其对他人的人权和基本自由的尊重。这种待遇应考虑到其年龄和促进其重返社会并在社会中发挥积极作用的愿望。

        1. States Parties recognize the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child’s sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.

        2、为此目的，并鉴于国际文书的有关规定，缔约国尤应确保：

        2. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of international instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that:

        （A）任何儿童不得以行为或不行为之时本国法律或国际法不禁止的行为或不行为之理由被指称、指控或认为触犯刑法；

        (a) No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed;

        （B）所有被指称或指控触犯列法的儿童至少应得到下列保证：

        (b) Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal law has at least the following guarantees:

        (一)在依法判定有罪之前应视为无罪；

        (i) To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;

        (二)迅速直接地被告知其被控罪名，适当时应通过其父母或法定监护人告知，并获得准备和提出辩护所需的法律或其他适当协助；

        (ii) To be informed promptly and directly of the charges against him or her, and, if appropriate, through his or her parents or legal guardians, and to have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation of his or her defence;

        (三)要求独立公正的主管当局或司法机构在其得到法律或其他适当协助的情况下，通过依法公正审理迅速作出判决，并且须有其父母或法定监护人在场，除非认为这样做不符合儿童的最大利益，特别 要考虑到其年龄成状况；

        (iii) To have the matter determined without delay by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair hearing according to law, in the presence of legal or other appropriate assistance and, unless it is considered not to be in the best interest of the child, in particular, taking into account his or her age or situation, his or her parents or legal guardians;

        (四)不得被迫作口供或认罪；应可盘问或要求盘问不利的证人，并在平等条件下要求证人为其出庭和接受盘问；

        (iv) Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess guilt; to examine or have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the participation and examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under conditions of equality;

        (五)若被判定触犯刑法，有权要求高一级独立公正的主管当局或司法机构依法复查此一判决及由此对之采取的任何措施；

        (v) If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have this decision and any measures imposed in consequence thereof reviewed by a higher competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body according to law;

        (六)若儿童不懂或不会说所用语言，有权免费得到口译人员的协助；

        (vi) To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child cannot understand or speak the language used;

        (七)其隐私在诉讼的所有阶段均得到充分尊重。
(vii) To have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the proceedings.

        3、缔约国应致力于促进规定或建立专门适用于被指称、指控或确认为触犯刑法的儿童的法律、程序、当局和机构，尤应：

        3. States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, and, in particular:

        （A）规定最低年龄，在此年龄以下的儿童应视为无触犯刑法之行为能力；

        (a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;

        （B）在适当和必要时，制订不对此类儿童诉诸司法程序的措施，但须充分尊重人权和法律保障。

        (b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.

        4、应采用多种处理办法，诸如照管、指导和监督令、辅导、察看、寄养、教育和职业培训方案及不交由机构照管的其他办法，以确保处理儿童的方式符合其福祉并与其情况和违法行为相称。

        4. A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision orders; counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being and proportionate both to their circumstances and the offence.

        第四十一条(Article 41)

        本公约的任何规定不应影响更有利于实现儿童权利且可能载于下述文件中的任何规定：

        Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and which may be contained in:

        （A）缔约国的法律

        (a) The law of a State party;

        （B）对该国有效。

        (b) International law in force for that State.

 

        第二部分(PART II)

        第四十二条(Article 42)

        缔约国承担以适当的积极手段，使成人和儿童都能普遍知晓本公约的原则和规定。

        States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.

        第四十三条(Article 43)

        1、为审查缔约国在履行根据本公约所承担的义务方面取得的进展，应设立儿童权利委员会，执行下文所规定的职能。

        1. For the purpose of examining the progress made by States Parties in achieving the realization of the obligations undertaken in the present Convention, there shall be established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

        2、委员会应由10名品德高尚并在本公约所涉领域具有公认能力的专家组成。委员会成员应由缔约国从其国民中选出，并应以个人身份任职，但须考虑到公平地域分配原则及主要法系。

        2. The Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized competence in the field covered by this Convention. The members of the Committee shall be elected by States Parties from among their nationals and shall serve in their personal capacity, consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution, as well as to the principal legal systems.

        3、委员合成员应以无记名表决方式从缔约国提名的人选名单中选举产生。每一缔约国可从其本国国民中提名一位人选。

        3. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one person from among its own nationals.

        4、委员会的初次选举应最迟不晚于本公约生效之日后的六个月进行；此后每两年举行一次。联合国秘书长应至少在选举之日前四个月函请缔约国在两个月内提出其提名的人选。秘书长随后应将巳提名的所有人选按字母顺序编成名单，注明提名此等人选的缔约国，分送本公约缔约国。

        4. The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than six months after the date of the entry into force of the present Convention and thereafter every second year. At least four months before the date of each election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to States Parties inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating States Parties which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Convention.

        5、选举应在联合国总部由秘书长召开的缔约国会议上进行。在此等会议上，应以三分之二缔约国出席作为会议的法定人数，得票最多且占出席并参加表决缔约国代表绝对多数票者，当选为委员会成员。

        5. The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties convened by the Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At those meetings, for which two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

        6、委员会成员任期四年。成员如获再次提名，应可连选连任。在第一次选举产生的成员中，有5名成员的任期应在两年结束时届满；会议主席应在第一次选举之后立即以抽签方式选定这5名成员。

        6. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. The term of five of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these five members shall be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting.

        7、如果委员会某一成员死亡或辞职或宣称因任何其他原因不再能履行委员会的职责，提名该成员的缔约国应从其国民中指定另一名专家接替余下的任期，但须经委员会批准。

        7. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the Committee, the State Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert from among its nationals to serve for the remainder of the term, subject to the approval of the Committee.

        8、委员会应自行制订其议事规则。

        8. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.

        9、委员会应自行选举其主席团成员，任期两年。

        9. The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.

        10、委员会会议通常应在联合国总部或在委员会决定的任何其他方便地点举行。委员会通常应每年举行一次会议。委员会的会期应由本公约缔约国会议决定并在必要时加以审查，但需经大会核准。

        10. The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee. The Committee shall normally meet annually. The duration of the meetings of the Committee shall be determined, and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting of the States Parties to the present Convention, subject to the approval of the General Assembly.

        11、联合国秘书长应为委员会有效履行本公约所规定的职责提供必要的工作人员和设施。

        11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Convention.

        12、根据本公约设立的委员会的成员，经大会核可，得从联合国资源领取薪酬，其条件由大会决定。

        12. With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of the Committee established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may decide.

        第四十四条(Article 44)

        1、缔约国承担按下述办法，通过联合国秘书长，向委员会提交关于它们为实现本公约确认的权利所采取的措施以及关于这些权利的享有方面的进展情况的报告；

        1. States Parties undertake to submit to the Committee, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress made on the enjoyment of those rights;

        （A）在本公约对有关缔约国生效后两年内；

        (a) Within two years of the entry into force of the Convention for the State Party concerned;

        （B）此后每五年一次。

        (b) Thereafter every five years.

        2、根据本条提交的报告应指明可能影响本公约规定的义务履行程度的任何因素和困难。报告还应载有充分的资料，以使委员会全面了解本公约在该国的实施情况。
2. Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors and difficulties, if any, affecting the degree of fulfilment of the obligations under the present Convention. Reports shall also contain sufficient information to provide the Committee with a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the Convention in the country concerned.

        3、缔约国若巳向委员会提交全面的初次报会，就无须在其以后按照本条第1款（B）项提交的报告中重复原先巳提供的基本资料。

        3. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic information previously provided.

        4、委员会可要求缔约国进一步提供与本公约实施情况有关的资料。

        4. The Committee may request from States Parties further information relevant to the implementation of the Convention.

        5、委员会应通过经济及社会理事会每两年向大会提交一次关于其活动的报告。

        5. The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through the Economic and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.

        6、缔约国应向其本国的公众广泛供应其报告。

        6. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in their own countries.

        第四十五条(Article 45)

        为促进本公约的有效实施和鼓励在本公约所涉领域进行国际合作：

        In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage international cooperation in the field covered by the Convention:

        （A）各专门机构、联合国儿童基金会和联合国其他机构应有权派代表列席对本公约中属于它们职责范围内的条款的实施情况的审议。委员会可邀请各专门机构、联合国儿童基金会以及它可能认为合适的其他有关机关就本公约在属于它们各自职责范围内的领域的实施问题提供专家意见。委员会可邀请各专门机构、联合国儿童基金会和联合国其他机构就本公约在属于它们活动范围内的领域的实施情况提交报告；

        (a) The specialized agencies, the United Nations Children’s Fund, and other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration of the implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within the scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children’s Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children’s Fund, and other United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their activities;

        （B）委员会在其可能认为适当时应向各专门机构、联合国儿童基全会和其他有关机构转交缔约国要求或说明需要技术咨询或援助的任何报告以及委员会就此类要求或说明提出的任何意见和建议；

        (b) The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children’s Fund and other competent bodies, any reports from States Parties that contain a request, or indicate a need, for technical advice or assistance, along with the Committee’s observations and suggestions, if any, on these requests or indications;

        （C）委员会可建议大会请秘书长代表委员会对有关儿童权利的具体问题进行研究；

        (c) The Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to request the Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on specific issues relating to the rights of the child;

        （D）委员会可根据依照本公约第44条和45条收到的资料提出提议和一般性建议。此类提议和一般性建议应转交有关的任何缔约国并连同缔约国作出的任何评论一并报告大会。

        (d) The Committee may make suggestions and general recommendations based on information received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of the present Convention. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be transmitted to any State Party concerned and reported to the General Assembly, together with comments, if any, from States Parties.

        第三部分(PART III)

        第四十六条(Article 46)

        本公约应向所有国家开放供签署。

        The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.

        第四十七条(Article 47)

        本公约须经批准。批准书应交存联合国秘书长。

        The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

        第四十八条(Article 48)

        本公约应向所有国家开放供加入。加入书应交存于联合国秘书长。

        The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

        第四十九条(Article 49)

        1、本公约自第二十份批准书或加入书交存联合国秘书长之日后的第三十天生效。

        1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

        2、本公约对于在第二十份批准书或加入书交存之后批准或加入本公约的国家，自其批准书或加入书交存之日后的第三十天生效。

        2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.

        第五十条(Article 50)

        1、任何缔约国均可提出修正案，提交给联合国秘书长。秘书长应立即将提议的修正案通知缔约国，并请它们表明是否赞成召开缔约国会议以审议提案并进行表决。如果在此类通知发出之日后的四个月内，至少有三分之一的缔约国赞成召开这样的会议，秘书长应在联合国主持下召开会议。经出席会议并参加表决的缔约国多数通过的任何修正案应提交大会批准。

        1. Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to States Parties, with a request that they indicate whether they favor a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that, within four months from the date of such communication, at least one third of the States Parties favor such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly for approval.

        2、根据本条第1款通过的修正案若获大会批准并为缔约国三分之二多数所接受，即行生效。

        2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the present article shall enter into force when it has been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two thirds majority of States Parties.

        3、修正案一旦生效，即应对接受该项修正案的缔约国具有约束力，其他缔约国则仍受本公约各项条款和它们巳接受的任何早先的修正案的约束。

        3. When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being bound by the provisions of the present Convention and any earlier amendments which they have accepted.

        第五十一条(Article 51)

        1、秘书长应接受各国在批准或加入时提出的保留，并分发给所有国家。

        1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and circulate to all States the text of reservations made by States at the time of ratification or accession.

        2、不得提出内容与本公约目标和宗旨相抵触的保留。

        2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted.

        3、缔约国可随时向联合国秘书长提出通知，请求撤销保留，并由他将此情况通知所有国家。通知于秘书长收到当日起生效。

        3. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is received by the Secretary-General.

        第五十二条(Article 52)

        缔约国可以书面通知联合国秘书长退出本公约。秘书长收到通知之日起一年后退约即行生效。

        A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation becomes effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

        第五十三条(Article 53)

        指定联合国秘书长为本公约的保管人。

        The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the depositary of the present Convention.

        第五十四条(Article 54)

        本公约的阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文文本具有同等效力，应交存联合国秘书长。

        The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. IN WITNESS THEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective governments, have signed the present Convention.

        缔约情况

        1989年11月20日，联合国大会就《儿童权利公约》中的上述一系列承诺达成了一致意见，自此已有194个国家批准了《公约》。这是有史以来得到最广泛接受的国际人权条约。

        美国是迄今为止世界上唯一一个尚未着手批准该公约的国家。 ^[6]

        中国于1991年12月29日批准《儿童权利公约》。同时声明，中国将在符合其宪法第25条关于计划生育的规定的前提下，并据《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》第2条的规定，履行公约第6条所规定的义务。 ^[4]

        联合国儿童权利委员会2015年5月4日对南苏丹批准了《儿童权利公约》表示欢迎，称此举是南苏丹朝着致力于保护与促进所有儿童权利所迈出的重要一步。 ^[6-7]

        现实意义

        《儿童权利公约》共有54项条款。根据《公约》，凡18周岁以下者均为儿童，除非各国或地区法律有不同的定义。《公约》规定了世界各地所有儿童应该享有的数十种权利，其中包括最基本的生存权、全面发展权、受保护权和全面参与家庭、文化和社会生活的权利。《公约》还确立了4项基本原则：无歧视、儿童利益最大化、生存和发展权以及尊重儿童的想法。 ^[3]

        《公约》通过确立卫生保健、教育以及法律、公民和社会服务等多方面的标准来保护儿童的上述权利，明确了国际社会在儿童工作领域的目标和努力方向。 ^[3]

        《公约》指出，缔约方应确保儿童均享受《公约》中规定的各项权利，不因儿童、其父母或法定监护人的种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治身份、出身、财产或残疾等不同而受到任何歧视。缔约方为确保儿童的福祉，应采取一切适当的立法和行政措施。各相关部门和机构在制定相关政策和落实中以儿童利益最大化作为首要考虑。 ^[3]

        《儿童权利公约》包含了一整套普遍商定的准则和义务，在追求一个公正、彼此尊重以及和平的社会的过程中，将儿童放在中心位置。该公约建立在各种不同的法律制度和文化传统基础上，是一套普遍接受的不容商榷的标准和义务。这些基本标准—也称人权 —规定了各国政府应当尊重的最低权利和自由。这些标准基于对每个人尊严和价值的尊重，无论其种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、观点、血统、财富、出身或能力如何，因此这些标准适用于任何地方的任何人。伴随这些权利而来的是政府和个人不得侵犯他人同等权利的义务。这些标准是互相依赖、不可分割的；我们不能不顾一些权利，或者以一些权利为代价，来确保其他某些权利。 ^[1]

        中国加入联合国《儿童权利公约》20周年纪念活动在人民大会堂隆重举行。加入联合国《儿童权利公约》20年来，中国儿童事业发展取得了历史性成就。 ^[8]  从1992年至2012年，中国5岁以下儿童死亡率从近60‰下降到13.1‰；目前小学学龄儿童净入学率达到99.7%。2011年，中国政府颁布《中国儿童发展纲要（2011-2020年）》，在儿童健康、教育、福利、社会环境和法律保护五个领域设置了52项主要目标，提出了67项策略措施 ^[9]  。

        基本原则

        《儿童权利公约》建立在以下四项基本原则之上： ^[2]

        一、不歧视（无差别原则/无歧视原则/非歧视性原则）（第2条）

——每一个儿童都平等地享有公约所规定的全部权利，儿童不应因其本人及其父母的种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治观点、民族、财产状况和身体状况等受到任何歧视；

        二、儿童的最大利益（第3条）

        保护儿童

        涉及儿童的一切行为，必须首先考虑儿童的最大利益

        三、确保儿童的生命权、生存权和发展权的完整（第6条）

        所有儿童都享有生存和发展的权利（两者完整兼具），应最大限度地确保儿童的生存和发展

        四、尊重儿童的意见（第12条）

        任何事情涉及儿童，均应听取儿童的意见 ^[3]

        所有儿童，无论他们出生在哪里，属于哪个种族或民族，无论是男孩还是女孩，富有还是贫穷，都必须得到充分的机会，成为社会有用的成员，并且必须享有发言权，他们的声音也必须获得倾听。 ^[2]

        儿童权利

        儿童享有一个人的全部权利。

        人人享有一切人权　all human rights for all　tous les droits de l’homme pour tous

        《儿童权利公约》共54条，实质性条款41条，其中被提到的儿童权利多达几十种，如姓名权、国籍权、受教育权、健康权、医疗保健权、受父母照料权、娱乐权、闲暇权、隐私权、表达权等。但其最基本的权利可以概括为四种，即： ^[2]

        1.生存权——每个儿童都有其固有的生命权和健康权

        包括有权接受可达到的最高标准的医疗保健服务。

        2.受保护权——不受危害自身发展影响的、被保护的权利

        包括保护儿童免受歧视、剥削、酷刑、虐待或疏忽照料，以及对失去家庭的儿童和难民儿童的基本保证。

        3.发展权——充分发展其全部体能和智能的权利

        儿童有权接受正规和非正规的教育，以及儿童有权享有促进其身体、心理、精神、道德和社会发展的生活条件。

        4.参与权——参与家庭、文化和社会生活的权利

        儿童有参与社会生活的权利，有权对影响他们的一切事项发表自己的意见（表达权） ^[2-3]

    

        现状资料

        1.2013年有630万5岁以下的儿童死亡，而他们的死因很大程度上是可以预防的。普及小学教育和在小学和中学实现性别平等的目标尚未实现。世界各地生活在极端贫困之中的儿童人数比例失衡。在最不发达国家，将近四分之一的儿童从事童工。童婚现象仍然很常见，尤其是在南亚和撒哈拉以南的非洲地区。出生登记率几乎没有提高。 ^[10]

        2.在开发中的国家中，有一亿三千万的儿童们未上小学，而在这些儿童们中主要都是女孩。

        3.有一亿四千万的人不能有安全的饮水，二亿七千万的人缺乏适当的环境衍生。

        4.有些政府正进行要加重少年判决的惩戒制度，甚至有些儿童被警察殴打及任意的拘留，并且在毫无人道的情况下强迫儿童和其它大人拘禁在一起。

        5.在孤儿院和其它机构有许多被遗弃的、处于悲惨状态下的儿童们，他们没法获得良好的教育及适当的保健。他们通常也都遭受过肉体上的摧残。

        6.据估计有25亿的儿童从事某种形态的劳务，但政府能谨慎注意到儿童们的需求，进而采取行动去制止对儿童的剥削的例子，却是非常少的。

儿童现状

        7.全球持续的军事冲突，不断在缩减及破坏几百万个儿童们的生命，直至2011年有30万的儿童们从军。在战场上，许多的儿童被杀或变成残废，也有许多儿童被强迫杀害别人，否则将会影响到几百万儿童们的生活和国际的未来发展。

        在二十世纪末，全球逐渐意识到一些会影响儿童们的问题，并且有负担的提出而加以解决。逐渐严重的问题如：艾滋病在非洲己造成近百万的儿童变成孤儿，并让他们饱受歧视、羞辱和掠夺等，每天至少有超过千万人受此折磨─威害一些国家、社会利益、家庭的幸福，所以政府们在推动儿童人权的保障上必要信守承诺、确实履行。

        千年发展目标是联合国所有成员国一致同意的，为世界各国政府提供了明确可行的目标，即在2015年之前，战胜贫穷并提高全球人民的生活水平。儿童早期发展是实现这些目标努力的一部分。八项目标中的七项直接与儿童的生存、生长和发展有关。研究已经显示，改善人类发展最有效的干预方式是打破大部分在儿童最早期的生活中开始的贫穷循环。预防问题比在问题发生后再应付可减少更多开支。 ^[11]

        社会评价

        第一篇来自公约最新的缔约国黑山共和国。黑山共和国在2006年11月批准了这项条约，副总理戈尔达娜.久罗维奇（Gordana Djurovic）的文章探讨在这个新独立的国家实施公约方面所取得的进展以及仍然面对的挑战，还强调了要重视少数民族、境内流离失所者和难民家庭的社会融合问题。

        在第二篇文章中，曾担任联合国秘书长儿童暴力研究报告独立专家的美洲人权委员会专员保罗.塞尔吉奥.皮涅罗（Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro）根据他的独特经验，阐述了改善青少年司法系统质量的案例。

        接下来，反对剥削儿童的领导机构“根除儿童卖淫和贩运组织”的女主席艾米南.阿布伊娃（Amihan Abueva）阐明了公约对法律和宣传工作的实际影响。

        第四篇文章则由国际拯救儿童组织主席彼德.沃奇（Peter Woicke）撰写，解释了在促使实现公约中规定的权利方面问责制和执法机制的重要性。^[12]

 

 

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世界儿童权利公约 World Convention on the rights of the child